XEP-0115: Entity Capabilities

1.1 Motivation¶

It is often desirable for an XMPP application (commonly but not necessarily a client) to take different actions depending on the capabilities of another application from which it receives presence information. Examples include:

• Showing a different set of icons depending on the capabilities of other entities.
• Not sending XHTML-IM (XEP-0071) [1] or other rich content to plaintext clients such as cell phones.
• Allowing the initiation of a Voice over IP (VoIP) session only to clients that support Jingle (XEP-0166) [2] and Jingle RTP Sessions (XEP-0167) [3].
• Not showing a "Send a File" button if another user's client does not support SI File Transfer (XEP-0096) [4].
• Filtering Publish-Subscribe (XEP-0060) [5] notifications based on advertised subscriber interests.

In the past, after logging in some Jabber clients sent one Service Discovery (XEP-0030) [6] and one Software Version (XEP-0092) [7] request to each entity from which they received presence. That "disco/version flood" resulted in an excessive use of bandwidth and was impractical on a larger scale, particularly for users with large rosters. Therefore this document defines a more robust and scalable solution: namely, a presence-based mechanism [8] for exchanging information about entity capabilities. Clients should not engage in the older "disco/version flood" behavior and instead should use Entity Capabilities as specified herein.

1.2 How It Works¶

This section provides a friendly introduction to entity capabilities ("caps").

Imagine that you are a Shakespearean character named Juliet and one of your contacts, a handsome fellow named Romeo, becomes available. His client wants to publish its capabilities, and does this by adding to its presence packets a <c/> element with special attributes. As a result, your client receives the following presence packet:

<presence from='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'>
  <c xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
     hash='sha-1'
     node='http://code.google.com/p/exodus'
     ver='QgayPKawpkPSDYmwT/WM94uAlu0='/>
</presence>

The 'node' attribute represents the client software Romeo is using. The 'ver' attribute is a specially-constructed string (called a "verification string") that represents the entity's service discovery identity (category and type as registered at <https://xmpp.org/registrar/disco-categories.html>, as well as, optionally, xml:lang and name) and supported features (as registered at <https://xmpp.org/registrar/disco-features.html> as well as, optionally, extended service discovery information data registered at <https://xmpp.org/registrar/formtypes.html>).

At this point, your client has no idea what the capabilities are of someone with a verification string 'QgayPKawpkPSDYmwT/WM94uAlu0='. Your client therefore sends a service discovery query to Romeo, asking what his client can do.

<iq from='juliet@capulet.lit/chamber'
    id='disco1'
    to='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
    type='get'>
  <query xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info'
         node='http://code.google.com/p/exodus#QgayPKawpkPSDYmwT/WM94uAlu0='/>
</iq>

The response is:

<iq from='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
    id='disco1'
    to='juliet@capulet.lit/chamber'
    type='result'>
  <query xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info'
         node='http://code.google.com/p/exodus#QgayPKawpkPSDYmwT/WM94uAlu0='>
    <identity category='client' name='Exodus 0.9.1' type='pc'/>
    <feature var='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'/>
    <feature var='http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info'/>
    <feature var='http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#items'/>
    <feature var='http://jabber.org/protocol/muc'/>
  </query>
</iq>

At this point, your client knows that a contact who advertises a verification string of 'QgayPKawpkPSDYmwT/WM94uAlu0=' supports Multi-User Chat (XEP-0045) [9] and the other features returned by Romeo because the contact in fact uses the same version of the same client software as Romeo, with the same enabled features, plugins, presented client name(s), and the like (i.e., the same input to the verification string generation method). [10] Your client remembers this information, so that it does not need to explicitly query the capabilities of a contact with the same verification string. For example, your Nurse may use the same client that Romeo does:

<presence from='nurse@capulet.lit/chamber'>
  <c xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
     hash='sha-1'
     node='http://code.google.com/p/exodus'
     ver='QgayPKawpkPSDYmwT/WM94uAlu0='/>
</presence>

Therefore you know that she also supports the same features that Romeo does.

On the other hand, for a person with the following presence ...

<presence from='benvolio@capulet.lit/230193'>
  <c xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
     hash='sha-1'
     node='http://psi-im.org'
     ver='q07IKJEyjvHSyhy//CH0CxmKi8w='/>
</presence>

... or the following presence ...

<presence from='bard@shakespeare.lit/globe'>
  <c xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
     hash='sha-1'
     node='http://www.chatopus.com'
     ver='zHyEOgxTrkpSdGcQKH8EFPLsriY='/>
</presence>

... you have no information about what this contact's client is capable of unless you have cached previous entity capabilities information; therefore you need to query for capabilities explicitly again via service discovery.

5.1 Generation Method¶

In order to help prevent poisoning of entity capabilities information, the value of the verification string MUST be generated according to the following method.

Note: All sorting operations MUST be performed using "i;octet" collation as specified in Section 9.3 of RFC 4790 [14].

1. Initialize an empty string S.
2. Sort the service discovery identities [15] by category and then by type and then by xml:lang (if it exists), formatted as CATEGORY '/' [TYPE] '/' [LANG] '/' [NAME]. [16] Note that each slash is included even if the LANG or NAME is not included (in accordance with XEP-0030, the category and type MUST be included).
3. For each identity, append the 'category/type/lang/name' to S, followed by the '<' character.
4. Sort the supported service discovery features. [17]
5. For each feature, append the feature to S, followed by the '<' character.
6. If the service discovery information response includes XEP-0128 data forms, sort the forms by the FORM_TYPE (i.e., by the XML character data of the <value/> element).
7. For each extended service discovery information form:
   1. Append the XML character data of the FORM_TYPE field's <value/> element, followed by the '<' character.
   2. Sort the fields by the value of the "var" attribute.
   3. For each field other than FORM_TYPE:
      1. Append the value of the "var" attribute, followed by the '<' character.
      2. Sort values by the XML character data of the <value/> element.
      3. For each <value/> element, append the XML character data, followed by the '<' character.
8. Ensure that S is encoded according to the UTF-8 encoding (RFC 3629 [18]).
9. Compute the verification string by hashing S using the algorithm specified in the 'hash' attribute (e.g., SHA-1 as defined in RFC 3174 [19]). The hashed data MUST be generated with binary output and encoded using Base64 as specified in Section 4 of RFC 4648 [20] (note: the Base64 output MUST NOT include whitespace and MUST set padding bits to zero). [21]

Note: If the four characters '&', 'l', 't', ';' appear consecutively in any of the factors of the verification string S (e.g., a service discovery identity of 'SomeClient&lt;http://jabber.org/protocol/muc') then that string of characters MUST be treated as literally '&lt;' and MUST NOT be converted to the character '<', because completing such a conversion would open the protocol to trivial attacks.

5.2 Simple Generation Example¶

Consider an entity whose category is "client", whose service discovery type is "pc", whose service discovery name is "Exodus 0.9.1", and whose supported features are "http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info", "http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#items", and "http://jabber.org/protocol/muc". Using the SHA-1 algorithm, the verification string would be generated as follows (note: line breaks in the verification string are included only for the purposes of readability):

1. S = ''

2. Only one identity: "client/pc"

3. S = 'client/pc//Exodus 0.9.1<'

4. Sort the features: "http://jabber.org/protocol/caps", "http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info", "http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#items", "http://jabber.org/protocol/muc".

5. S = 'client/pc//Exodus 0.9.1<http://jabber.org/protocol/caps<http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info<
   http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#items<http://jabber.org/protocol/muc<'

6. ver = QgayPKawpkPSDYmwT/WM94uAlu0=

5.3 Complex Generation Example¶

Consider a more complex example, where the entity includes several identities (with the service discovery name in different languages) as well as extended information formatted according to XEP-0128.

<iq from='benvolio@capulet.lit/230193'
    id='disco1'
    to='juliet@capulet.lit/chamber'
    type='result'>
  <query xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info'
         node='http://psi-im.org#q07IKJEyjvHSyhy//CH0CxmKi8w='>
    <identity xml:lang='en' category='client' name='Psi 0.11' type='pc'/>
    <identity xml:lang='el' category='client' name='Ψ 0.11' type='pc'/>
    <feature var='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'/>
    <feature var='http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info'/>
    <feature var='http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#items'/>
    <feature var='http://jabber.org/protocol/muc'/>
    <x xmlns='jabber:x:data' type='result'>
      <field var='FORM_TYPE' type='hidden'>
        <value>urn:xmpp:dataforms:softwareinfo</value>
      </field>
      <field var='ip_version' type='text-multi' >
        <value>ipv4</value>
        <value>ipv6</value>
      </field>
      <field var='os'>
        <value>Mac</value>
      </field>
      <field var='os_version'>
        <value>10.5.1</value>
      </field>
      <field var='software'>
        <value>Psi</value>
      </field>
      <field var='software_version'>
        <value>0.11</value>
      </field>
    </x>
  </query>
</iq>
      

Using the SHA-1 algorithm, the verification string would be generated as follows (note: line breaks in the verification string are included only for the purposes of readability):

1. S = ''

2. Two identities: "client/pc/Psi" and "client/pc/Ψ"

3. S = 'client/pc/el/Ψ 0.11<client/pc/en/Psi 0.11<'

4. Sort the features: "http://jabber.org/protocol/caps", http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info", "http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#items", "http://jabber.org/protocol/muc".

5. S = 'client/pc/el/Ψ 0.11<client/pc/en/Psi 0.11<http://jabber.org/protocol/caps<http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info<
   http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#items<http://jabber.org/protocol/muc<'.

6. Sort the extended service discovery forms by FORM_TYPE (there is only one: "urn:xmpp:dataforms:softwareinfo").

7. S = 'client/pc/el/Ψ 0.11<client/pc/en/Psi 0.11<http://jabber.org/protocol/caps<http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info<
   http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#items<http://jabber.org/protocol/muc<urn:xmpp:dataforms:softwareinfo<'

8. Sort the fields by var and append the value(s): "ip_version<ipv4<ipv6", "os<Mac", "os_version<10.5.1", "software<Psi", "software_version<0.11".

9. S = 'client/pc/el/Ψ 0.11<client/pc/en/Psi 0.11<http://jabber.org/protocol/caps<http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info<
   http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#items<http://jabber.org/protocol/muc<urn:xmpp:dataforms:softwareinfo<
   ip_version<ipv4<ipv6<os<Mac<os_version<10.5.1<software<Psi<software_version<0.11<'

10. ver = q07IKJEyjvHSyhy//CH0CxmKi8w=

5.4 Processing Method¶

When an entity receives a value of the 'ver' attribute that appears to be a verification string generated in accordance with the generation method defined in this specification, it MUST process the 'ver' according to the following method.

1. Verify that the <c/> element includes a 'hash' attribute. If it does not, ignore the 'ver' or treat it as generated in accordance with the Legacy Format (if supported).
2. If the value of the 'hash' attribute does not match one of the processing application's supported hash functions, do the following:
   1. Send a service discovery information request to the generating entity.
   2. Receive a service discovery information response from the generating entity.
   3. Do not validate or globally cache the verification string as described below; instead, the processing application SHOULD associate the discovered identity+features only with the JabberID of the generating entity.
3. If the value of the 'hash' attribute matches one of the processing application's supported hash functions, validate the verification string by doing the following:
   1. Send a service discovery information request to the generating entity.
   2. Receive a service discovery information response from the generating entity.
   3. If the response includes more than one service discovery identity with the same category/type/lang/name, consider the entire response to be ill-formed.
   4. If the response includes more than one service discovery feature with the same XML character data, consider the entire response to be ill-formed.
   5. If the response includes more than one extended service discovery information form with the same FORM_TYPE or the FORM_TYPE field contains more than one <value/> element with different XML character data, consider the entire response to be ill-formed.
   6. If the response includes an extended service discovery information form where the FORM_TYPE field is not of type "hidden" or the form does not include a FORM_TYPE field, ignore the form but continue processing.
   7. If the response is considered well-formed, reconstruct the hash by using the service discovery information response to generate a local hash in accordance with the Generation Method).
   8. If the values of the received and reconstructed hashes match, the processing application MUST consider the result to be valid and SHOULD globally cache the result for all JabberIDs with which it communicates.
   9. If the values of the received and reconstructed hashes do not match, the processing application MUST consider the result to be invalid and MUST NOT globally cache the verification string; however, it SHOULD check the service discovery identity and supported features of another generating entity who advertises that value.

Note: If the four characters '&', 'l', 't', ';' appear consecutively in any of the factors of the verification string S (e.g., a service discovery identity of 'SomeClient&lt;http://jabber.org/protocol/muc') then that string of characters MUST be treated as literally '&lt;' and MUST NOT be converted to the character '<', because completing such a conversion would open the protocol to trivial attacks.

6.1 Advertising Capabilities¶

Each time a generating entity sends presence, it annotates that presence with an entity identifier ('node' attribute) and identity and feature identifier ('ver' attribute). So that servers can remember the last presence for use in responding to probes, a client SHOULD include entity capabilities with every presence notification it sends.

<presence>
  <c xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
     hash='sha-1'
     node='http://code.google.com/p/exodus'
     ver='QgayPKawpkPSDYmwT/WM94uAlu0='/>
</presence>

If the supported features change during a generating entity's presence session (e.g., a user installs an updated version of a client plugin), the application MUST recompute the verification string and SHOULD send a new presence broadcast.

<presence>
  <c xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
     hash='sha-1'
     node='http://code.google.com/p/exodus'
     ver='66/0NaeaBKkwk85efJTGmU47vXI='/>
</presence>

6.2 Discovering Capabilities¶

An application (the "requesting entity") can learn what features another entity supports by sending a disco#info request (see XEP-0030) to the entity that generated the caps information (the "generating entity").

<iq from='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
    id='disco1'
    to='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
    type='get'>
  <query xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info'
         node='http://code.google.com/p/exodus#QgayPKawpkPSDYmwT/WM94uAlu0='/>
</iq>

The disco#info request is sent by the requesting entity to the generating entity. The value of the 'to' attribute MUST be the exact JID of the generating entity, which in the case of a client will be the full JID <localpart@domain.tld/resource>.

Note: The generating entity SHOULD NOT include the "caps node" in the list of entities it returns in its disco#items responses; i.e., the caps node is a kind of virtual or phantom node, not a true items node that is associated with the generating entity for service discovery purposes.

The disco 'node' attribute MUST be included for backwards-compatibility. The value of the 'node' attribute SHOULD be generated by concatenating the value of the caps 'node' attribute (e.g., "http://code.google.com/p/exodus") as provided by the generating entity, the "#" character, and the value of the caps 'ver' attribute (e.g., "QgayPKawpkPSDYmwT/WM94uAlu0=") as provided by the generating entity.

The generating entity then returns all of the capabilities it supports.

<iq from='romeo@montague.lit/orchard'
    id='disco1'
    to='juliet@capulet.lit/balcony'
    type='result'>
  <query xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info'
         node='http://code.google.com/p/exodus#QgayPKawpkPSDYmwT/WM94uAlu0='>
    <identity category='client' type='pc'/>
    <feature var='http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#info'/>
    <feature var='http://jabber.org/protocol/disco#items'/>
    <feature var='http://jabber.org/protocol/muc'/>
  </query>
</iq>

Note: If the generating entity incorporated multiple identities with different xml:lang values in its verification string, it MUST return all of the identities even if the request specified a particular xml:lang.

6.3 Stream Feature¶

A server MAY include its entity capabilities in a stream feature element so that connecting clients and peer servers do not need to send service discovery requests each time they connect.

<stream:features>
  <c xmlns='http://jabber.org/protocol/caps'
     hash='sha-1'
     node='http://jabberd.org'
     ver='ItBTI0XLDFvVxZ72NQElAzKS9sU='/>
</stream:features>

When a connected client or peer server sends a service discovery information request to determine the entity capabilities of a server that advertises capabilities via the stream feature, the requesting entity MUST send the disco#info request to the server's JID as provided in the 'from' attribute of the response stream header (the 'from' attribute was recommended by RFC 3920 [22] and is required by RFC 6120 [11]). To enable this functionality, a server that advertises support for entity capabilities MUST provide a 'from' address in its response stream headers, in accordance with RFC 6120.

8.1 Hashing Algorithm Support¶

An application SHOULD maintain a list of hashing algorithms it supports, which MUST include the algorithm or algorithms listed in the Mandatory-to-Implement Technologies section of this document.

8.2 Caching¶

It is RECOMMENDED for an application that processes entity capabilities information to cache associations between the verification string and discovered identity+features within the scope of one presence session. This obviates the need for extensive service discovery requests within a session.

It is RECOMMENDED for an application to cache associations across presence sessions, since this obviates the need for extensive service discovery requests at the beginning of a session (this is especially helpful in bandwidth-constrained environments).

8.3 Directed Presence¶

If two entities exchange messages but they do not normally exchange presence (i.e., via presence subscription), the entities MAY choose to send directed presence to each other, where the presence information SHOULD be annotated with the same capabilities information as each entity sends in presence broadcasts. Until and unless capabilities information has been received from another entity, an application MUST assume that the other entity does not support capabilities.

8.4 Caps Optimization¶

A server that is managing an connected client's presence session MAY optimize presence notification traffic sent through the server by stripping off redundant capabilities annotations (i.e., the <c/> element). Because of this, receivers of presence notifications MUST NOT expect an annotation on every presence notification they receive. If the server performs caps optimization, it MUST ensure that the first presence notification each subscriber receives contains the annotation. The server MUST also ensure that any changes in the caps information (e.g., an updated 'ver' attribute) are sent to all subscribers.

If a connected client determines that its server supports caps optimization, it MAY choose to send the capabilities annotation only on the first presence packet, as well as whenever its capabilities change.

9.1 Mandatory-to-Implement Technologies¶

The SHA-1 hashing algorithm is mandatory to implement. All implementations MUST support SHA-1.

An implementation MAY support other algorithms. Any such algorithm SHOULD be registered in the IANA Hash Function Textual Names Registry [23].

In the future, the XMPP Council [24] may, at its discretion, modify the mandatory-to-implement hashing algorithm if it determines that SHA-1 has become practically vulnerable to Preimage Attacks.

9.2 Preimage Attacks¶

As described in RFC 4270 [25], protocols that use the output of hash functions such as MD5 or SHA-1 can be vulnerable to collision attacks or preimage attacks or both. Because of how the hash output is used in entity capabilities, the protocol will not be subject to collision attacks even if the hash function used is found to be vulnerable to collision attacks. However, it is possible that the protocol might become subject to preimage attacks if the hash function used is found to be vulnerable to preimage attacks.

In theory, such a preimage attack would take one of the following forms:

• Given knowledge of a particular value V of the 'ver' attribute, an attacker can find an input message X such that hash(X) yields V (this is known as a "first preimage attack").
• Given knowledge of a particular value S used as the input message to the hash function, an attacker can find a value S' that yields V (this is known as a "second preimage attack").

In practice, a preimage attack would need to meet all of the following criteria in order to be effective against the entity capabilities protocol:

1. The hashing algorithm used would need to be found not only theoretically but practically vulnerable to first or second preimage attacks (e.g., this is not yet true of the MD5 or SHA-1 algorithms, but may become true in the future).
2. An attacker would need to find an input message X or S' that matches the hash V for a particular value of V or S, which may not be practical given that (a) the values of S used as input to the hash function in entity capabilities are relatively short and (b) cryptanalysis to date indicates that existing hash functions may not be vulnerable to preimage attacks except in the case of relatively long input messages (on the order of 255 blocks).
3. The input message X or S' would need to conform to the structure of S as specified under Verification String, including the order of service discovery identity or identities followed by service discovery features, delimited by the '<' character and sorted using "i;octet" collation.
4. The input messsage X or S' would need to make it seem as if a desirable feature (e.g., end-to-end encryption) is not supported by other entities that advertise the same hash V even though the feature is indeed supported (i.e., the attacker would need to return a set of service discovery identities and features that match X or S', and have that set be plausible for an entity that communicates via XMPP), or make it seem as if an undesirable feature is supported even though the feature is not supported.
5. The attacker would need to propagate the hash V before some other entity with the true input message S could broadcast presence with the relevant entity capabilities data and provide the true service discovery response (thus the attacker might need to subvert the development process of a particular software project or subvert the namespace issuance process of the XMPP Registrar [26], or both).

It currently seems extremely unlikely that an attacker could meet all of the foregoing conditions in the foreseeable future. However, the XMPP Council shall continue to monitor the state of cryptanalysis regarding the mandatory-to-implement hash function as well as the possibility that any vulnerabilities in that function might lead to practical threats against the entity capabilities protocol. If and when it becomes practical (or even possible) to launch effective preimage attacks against the entity capabilities protocol, the XMPP Council shall consider updating this specification to change the mandatory-to-implement hashing algorithm to a safer technology.

Note: If the four characters '&', 'l', 't', ';' appear consecutively in any of the factors of the verification string S (e.g., a service discovery identity of 'SomeClient&lt;http://jabber.org/protocol/muc') then that string of characters MUST be treated as literally '&lt;' and MUST NOT be converted to the character '<', because completing such a conversion would open the protocol to trivial attacks.

9.3 Caps Poisoning¶

Adherence to the method defined in the Verification String section of this document for both generation and processing of the 'ver' attribute helps to guard against poisoning of entity capabilities information by malicious or improperly implemented entities.

If the value of the 'ver' attribute is a verification string as defined herein (i.e., if the 'ver' attribute is not generated according to the Legacy Format), inclusion of the 'hash' attribute is REQUIRED. Knowing explicitly that the value of the 'ver' attribute is a verification string enables the recipient to avoid spurious notification of invalid or poisoned hashes.

9.4 Information Exposure¶

Use of entity capabilities might make it easier for an attacker to launch certain application-specific attacks, since the attacker could more easily determine the type of client being used as well as its capabilities. However, since most clients respond to Service Discovery and Software Version requests without performing access control checks, there is no new vulnerability. Entities that wish to restrict access to capabilities information SHOULD use Privacy Lists (XEP-0016) [27] to define appropriate communications blocking (e.g., an entity MAY choose to allow IQ requests only from "trusted" entities, such as those with whom it has a presence subscription of "both"); note, however, that such restrictions may be incompatible with the recommendation regarding Directed Presence.

11.1 Protocol Namespaces¶

The XMPP Registrar [26] includes "http://jabber.org/protocol/caps" in its registry of protocol namespaces (see <https://xmpp.org/registrar/namespaces.html>).

11.2 Service Discovery Features¶

The XMPP Registrar includes "http://jabber.org/protocol/caps" and "http://jabber.org/protocol/caps#optimize" in its registry of service discovery features (see <https://xmpp.org/registrar/disco-features.html>).

11.3 Stream Features¶

The XMPP Registrar includes "http://jabber.org/protocol/caps" in its registry of stream features (see <https://xmpp.org/registrar/stream-features.html>).

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1. XEP-0071: XHTML-IM <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0071.html>.

2. XEP-0166: Jingle <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0166.html>.

3. XEP-0167: Jingle RTP Sessions <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0167.html>.

4. XEP-0096: SI File Transfer <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0096.html>.

5. XEP-0060: Publish-Subscribe <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0060.html>.

6. XEP-0030: Service Discovery <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0030.html>.

7. XEP-0092: Software Version <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0092.html>.

8. Entity capabilities is not limited to clients, and can be used by any entity that exchanges presence with another entity, e.g., a gateway. However, this specification mainly uses the example of clients.

9. XEP-0045: Multi-User Chat <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0045.html>.

10. The string can be relied upon because of how it is generated and checked, as explained later in this document.

11. RFC 6120: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6120>.

12. RFC 6121: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Instant Messaging and Presence <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6121>.

13. These first two requirements effectively eliminated XEP-0060 as a possible implementation of entity capabilities.

14. RFC 4790: Internet Application Protocol Collation Registry <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4790>.

15. A registry of service discovery identities is located at <https://xmpp.org/registrar/disco-categories.html>.

16. The combination of category, type, and xml:lang forms a unique combination, so it is not necessary to also sort by name (the name merely provides some human-readable text associated with a category/type/lang).

17. A registry of service discovery features is located at <https://xmpp.org/registrar/disco-features.html>.

18. RFC 3629: UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629>.

19. RFC 3174: US Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1) <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3174>.

20. RFC 4648: The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648>.

21. The OpenSSL command for producing such output with SHA-1 is "echo -n 'S' | openssl dgst -binary -sha1 | openssl enc -nopad -base64".

22. RFC 3920: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3920>.

23. IANA registry of Hash Function Textual Names <http://www.iana.org/assignments/hash-function-text-names>.

24. The XMPP Council is a technical steering committee, authorized by the XSF Board of Directors and elected by XSF members, that approves of new XMPP Extensions Protocols and oversees the XSF's standards process. For further information, see <https://xmpp.org/about/xmpp-standards-foundation#council>.

25. RFC 4270: Attacks on Cryptographic Hashes in Internet Protocols <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4270>.

26. The XMPP Registrar maintains a list of reserved protocol namespaces as well as registries of parameters used in the context of XMPP extension protocols approved by the XMPP Standards Foundation. For further information, see <https://xmpp.org/registrar/>.

27. XEP-0016: Privacy Lists <https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0016.html>.

28. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the central coordinator for the assignment of unique parameter values for Internet protocols, such as port numbers and URI schemes. For further information, see <http://www.iana.org/>.